For obvious reasons, Arabs using Hindi format could not use a decimal point like their fellow English speakers since it would be confused with the number zero, also denoted as a dot.
The Babylonians got their number system from the Sumerians, the first people in the world to develop a counting system. Developed 4, to 5, years ago, the Sumerian system was positional — the value of a symbol depended on its position relative to other symbols. Here in Ireland, is it even legal? Whether in accounting, publishing, manufacturing and other crafts, the marketplace in the late 15th century spearheaded the diffusion of the Arabic numeric system among the rest of society rather than scholars and historians.
It may sound incredible but it does appear that it took most Europeans more than years to accept the concept of the zero. The controversy surrounding the zero persisted for another three hundred years. To the rescue rushed the Flemish Simon Stevinus with a book written in his native tongue and translated into French by Simon of Bruges who adopted the word disme as the devise or representation of the new system of arithmetic. The English translation was done by Richard Norton It took another book, Clavis Mathematica, for the famous Dr.
Peacock to declare that from this date onwards the Arabic numeral system became fully established in Europe. The second story was thought by the author to be of significance but it may not be so anymore. The history of mathematics suffers from many shortcomings. Two centuries after its manufacture essentially by two orientalists hired by the East India Company two centuries ago, it is simply extraordinary that the story of the appropriation of the Arabic cipher system and its numerals remains untold.
Not a hint about this exploit can be read in any of the hundreds of books published since the death in of G. Kaye, the last great independent-minded expert on the Arabic numeric system. The story of the appropriation is the best-kept secret in the history of mathematics but it may have been ignored because no credible evidence has ever been produced to support a non-Arabic authorship of the universal numeral system we use today.
Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Not anymore. The sister has been identified as Ancient English and it shares almost all the Stone Age biliteral roots of Akkadian and Ancient Arabic. Most surprisingly, Ancient English reveals an 80,year-old mass extinction event that changed the history of Homo sapiens and triggered the first global mass migration of our earliest ancestors.
The history of the Pharaonic civilization is ancient and traces back to fifty century BC [1] but they have started with writing since the 35 century BC by carving on stones then they found out how to make paper and ink, so they wrote on papyri and their writings coped the development of the means of writing. The first writing was called Hieroglyphics, which means pictography.
Second: The Sumerian and Babylonian digitization:. Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and others admit that the bases of their civilization were established at the hand of the Sumerians.
Those civilizations were located on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates. The history of Sumerian civilization traces back to 50 centuries BC but writing was known since the 35 century BC. So, they were like Pharaonic Egyptian but they neither carved on stones nor wrote on papers, but they created moldings out of clay to write on, dried them, then burn it to be backed brick.
Third: Grecian and Roman digitization:. No doubt that Greek played a prominent role in the advancement of material civilization, however it is important to know that they benefited a lot from the many civilizations which preceded them, such as: Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylon, Ancient Egyptian, and the Indian Civilizations, as they benefited greatly from the Phoenician who used numeral letters in the first century BC.
Thus, the Greek learnt writing from the Phoenician as well as their letters and used them for a long period in their writing until their language changed by the passing of time which led to changing of letters.
Fourth: Indian digitization:. Indians have reached a high degree of human civilization and presented through the science of stars and arithmetic amazing theories, which people adopted after them. In his days, wisdom spread, sciences developed, India subjected to him, and the land became fertile. He gathered wise people to write a book which was called " As-Sind Hind " Indus is India [5] and its explanation which was entitled " Dahr Ad-Duhur " Age of Ages from which all books were written, such as: Al Arjabahr [6] , and Al Mijsaty , then mixed between them to make the nine Indian letters.
I would like to indicate here that the oldest reference to the Indian figures was mentioned in the speech of the Syriac monk Sawiris Saboukt who was in the monastery of Guensrin in his book which was written after year AD, which was corresponding to the Migration Year.
He blamed the people for their narrow-mind because they only receive their knowledge from the Greek although others "i. Arithmetic at the people of the East and the Maghrib. Arithmetic at the people of the East:. Arabs used figures before and after the advent of Islam as other nations and recorded them by words.
Moreover, they used their alphabet to indicate numbers and called it arithmetic of sentences. Their way in counting letters is as follows:. Arithmetic at the people of Maghrib:. The digitization of the Maghrib people is as follows:. The alphabetic digitization which the people of the East and the Maghrib followed depended on the naive decimal system, where they divided it into degrees Singles, decimals, hundreds, and thousands but they did not know the zero digit.
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